"I have only drawn what I have seen with certainty."

    —Edward Emerson Barnard (1857-1923), in 1894

"Responding to criticism that he preferred an artistic drawing to an accurate one, he replied, "I know no difference between the two."

    —Richard Baum (1930-2017), reporting (2007) the words of Nathaniel Everett Green (1823-1899)

"...every man sees after his own fashion and draws after his own fashion."

    —Camille Flammarion (1842-1925), in 1897

Resources

Modern guides to astronomical sketching tools and techniques

• R. Handy, D.B. Moody, J. Perez, E. Rix, and S. Robbins, Astronomical Sketching: a Step-by-Step Introduction, Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series (New York-Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London: Springer 2007), ISBN: 978-0-387-26240-6: the fullest modern guide in English
• P. Grego, Astronomical Cybersketching: Observational Drawing with PDAs and Tablet PCs, Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series (New York-Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London: Springer 2009), ISBN: 978-0-387-85350-5: a companion volume to the above, but with a technological difference
• R. Handy, D. Kelleghan, Th. McCague, E. Rix, and S. Russell, Sketching the Moon: An Astronomical Artist's Guide, Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series (New York-Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London: Springer 2012), ISBN: 978-1-4614-0940-3
• E. Rix, K. Hay, S. Russell, and R. Handy, Solar Sketching: A Comprehensive Guide to Drawing the Sun, Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series (New York-Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London: Springer 2015), ISBN: 978-1-4939-2900-9
• Gerry Smerchanski, winner of the 2nd RASC astrosketching contest, writes about sketching the Moon
• R. Sampson, "Recording Your Observations", in T. Dickinson and A. Dyer, The Backyard Astronomer's Guide, 3rd edition, rev. and expanded (Richmond Hill: Firefly, 2008), ISBN-13: 978-1554073443, pp. 154-155: an encouraging introduction - note also that Dickinson and Dyer have used both drawings and ccd images throughout the book
• Alexander Massey's instructions and video for learning the effective DSO sketching technique developed by the late Scott Mellish (1963-2011). Alex is a superb astronomical draftsman (see below), and a worthy successor to Scott. Alex can be followed at his blog

• Bill Weir 2007, JRASC 101/4, 157-158: on one accomplished sketcher's path (note: the published repoductions do not do justice to the quality of his work)
• C.Roussell 2008, JRASC 102/3, 102-104: on sketching Mercury
• Raymond R. Thompson 1962, JRASC 56/5, 189-192: on lunar sketching (note: Thompson's strictures on stippling are belied by the superb results of Harold Hill, as in his Portfolio of Lunar Drawings 1991, listed below)
• Kathleen Houston, Astronomical Sketching: Adventure at Your Fingertips, Observer's Handbook 2013, ed. David M.F. Chapman (Centre of the Universe: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 2012), pp. 88-90. Also 2010, JRASC 104/6, 237-240
• http://www.perezmedia.net/beltofvenus/archives/000567.html  the best general astronomical sketching web resource.
• http://www.elisanet.fi/jere.kahanpaa/astro/HOWTO.html
• https://www.astronomie.info/
• Roger N. Clark, Visual Astronomy of the Deep Sky (Cambridge-Boston: Cambridge University Press & Sky Publishing, 1990)―a classic resource on how to see DSOs, and also includes sketching advice; out-of-print and now scarce. The author maintains a related website
• Stewart Moore 2004, JBAA 114/1, 32-36: Observing and Drawing the Deep Sky
• Gordon Bond, Drawing the Deep Sky, 3rd edition (TPO Publications)―I have not seen this book
• Serge Vieillard, Nicolas Biver, Frédéric Burgeot et al., Astrodessin: observation & dessin en astronomie, 2 vols. (Toulouse: AXILONE, 2013)―the largest single work devoted to sketching at the eypiece, and the most significant manual to date of current practice. Covers solar system and DSO objects, and techniques. The work of a team of fifteen experienced French and German observers; features over 1,100 sketches
• Peter Vercauteren, The Art of  Deep-Sky Sketching―a very well thought-out guide to sketching DSOs at the eyepiece. It is now in its 2nd edition. There is an assoociated website, and useful videos illustrating technique. The author's gallery of sketches is a testament to his method
• Leonor Ana Hernández, Dibujo astronómico (Barcelona: Marcombo, 2017), is a very good introductory text providing sound guidance on starting out and progressing in astrosketching. Particuarly worthy of note is the intelligent approach to achieving accuracy in the placement of celestial objects and features in astronomical drawings. Examples of the author's work can be found at the Astronómadas site.

General scientific-illustration techniques applicable to astronomical drawing

• The Guild Handbook of Scientific Illustration, ed. E.R.S. Hodges, 2nd edition (New York: Wiley, 2003), ISBN-13: 978-0471360117―contains a chapter devoted to astronomical illustration
• F.W. Zweifel, A Handbook of Biological Illustration, 2nd edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), ISBN-13: 978-0226997018
• M. Stevens, The Art of Botanical Painting, Smithsonian and the Society of Botanical Artists (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), ISBN-13: 978-0007169887

Photography vs. sketching

• A.D. Wittmann, 2000, in The Role of Visual Representations in Astronomy, ed. K. Hentschel and A. Wittmann (Thun and Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Harri Deutsch), 79-89
• R. Bishop & D. Lane 2004, JRASC 98/2, 78-91; an important pair of articles (1 | 2), the second of which reports that "contrary to common wisdom" the most sensitive response in the dark-adapted eye (within the limit of its optical design and operational parameters) exceeds that of an astronomical CCD in 2004
• http://www.asod.info/?p=969 comparison of Les Cowley's H-alpha drawings with Pete Lawrence's digital images of the same solar events on 2008 May 7. They are both excellent imagers, and the comparison repays careful study
• Audoin Dollfus (1924-2010), a noted professional planetary astronomer and excellent astronomical artist, offers an overview of the complementary sketching and photographic programs pursued up to the late 1950s at a leading French mountain-top observatory, in his Visual and Photographic Studies of Planets at the Pic du Midi, in Planets and Satellites, ed. Gerard P. Kuiper and Barbara M. Middlehurst, The Solar Sysytem vol. III (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 534-571.

Modern examples of astronomical sketching

• JRASC
• Journal of the British Astronomical Association
• Publications of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
• The Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer
• H. Hill, A Portfolio of Lunar Drawings, Practical Astronomy Handbooks 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), ISBN-13: 978-0521381130
• http://www.rangeweb.net/~sketcher/index.html
• 150-Foot Solar Tower Current Sunspot Drawing
• Jeremy Perez, beyond curating the Astronomy Sketch of the Day (ASOD) site, also maintains the Belt of Venus, which features his own fine work, and offers a list of online astronomincal sketching resources. Perez was recently part of an "amateur" team who had been granted an observing run at a major professional facility, the Discovery Channel 4.27 meter telescope. He may hold the record for the use of the largest modern research telescope to execute a series of observational drawings; the full report is on his website, and a shorter version was published in  Astronomy 42 5 (May 2014), 44-49. Note: ASOD has gone into a long-term hiatus as of 2015 June 16
• Work of Erika Rix, a noted and experienced solar, lunar, and DSO sketcher
• Work by a very good DSO sketcher Rony De Laet. Also see his The Casual Sky Observer's Guide: Stargazing with Binoculars and Small Telescopes, Astronomer's Pocket Field Guide series (New York-Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London: Springer 2012), ISBN: 978-1-4614-0594-8: a good introductory observing guide, well-illustrated with the author's fine sketches of what can actually be seen by the eye (but the information on the history of astronomy should be read with caution)
• Brandon Doyle, How to sketch deep-sky objects's, Astronomy Magazine January 2012, 64-69
• Astronomy editor David J. Eicher until recently wrote a regular column Deep-sky Showcase on sketching at the eyepiece. Erika Rix has taken over the reins of Astronomy's astroketching with her Erika Rix's Astro Sketching
• Carol Lakomiak's tutorials on sketching the Moon, and the Sun and Deep Sky Objects. Carol also writes the astrosketching column for the BBC's Sky at Night Magazine
• The UK magazine Astronomy Now also frequently features articles on astrosketching
• ArpGalaxies―Martin Schoenball's, Uwe Glahn's, and Matthias Juchert's drawings of 100 of the visually most interesting and striking of the objects in Dr. Halton C. Arp's famous Atlas of Peculair Galaxies (1966)
• Michael Vlasov's superb dso, double star, and solar-system object sketches can be found here
• superb planetary skecthes can be found in Paul Doherty's (1947-1997) Atlas of the Planets (London: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., 1980)―the book also includes sensible sketching advice by Sir Patrick Moore (1925-2012). Used copies can be picked-up quite inexpensively on the web
• Paul G. Abel's book Visual Lunar and Planetary Astronomy, The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series (New York-Heidelberg-Dordrecht-London: Springer, 2013), features planetary drawings by the author, Carlos Hernandez, and other BAA members
• Uwe Glahn's site, deepsky-visuell.de, offers some excellent renditions of very challenging objects. Glahn is the co-author with Ronald Stoyan of the interstellarum Deep Sky Guide (Cambridge & Erlangen: Cambridge University Press & Oculum-Verlag, 2018), which includes well over 800 astrosketches of DSOs (this is the companion volume to Ronald Stoyan & Stephan Schurig, interstellarum Deep Sky Atlas [Cambridge & Erlangen: Cambridge University Press & Oculum-Verlag, 2018]).

Guides (historical) to astronomical sketching

• C.P. Smyth 1843, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 5, 277-279 (this is the short version of the paper; it appeared fully in Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 15 [1846], 71-82
• M. Huggins 1882, The Observatory, 5, 358-362
• T. W. Webb 1871, Nature, 3, 430-431: on Jovian Sketching
• T.W. Webb, 1873, Popular Science Review, 12,234-242: on sketching the moon
• T.W. Webb, 1875, English Mechanic, 22, 255: on drawing the Great Nebula in Orion (M42)
• T.W. Webb 1883, Knowledge, 4, 302-303: on sketching the moon
• Rosse, 4th Earl 1874, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 34, 235-247
• L. Weinek, 1890, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2, 201-214
• D. Morehouse, 1922, Popular Astronomy, 30, 461-464
• R.A. Rosenfeld, 2008, JRASC, 102/5, 200-205: History of Astronomical Sketching in the RASC
• L. Chimirri, et al. 2009, L'esercizio illegale dell'astronomia: Max Ernst, Iliazd, Wilhelm Tempel (Firenze: Centro Di Edifimi srl): reproductions and studies of Wilhelm Tempel's superb 19th-century DSO drawings - and the remarkable 20th-century surrealist art they spawned
• W. Sheehan, F. Launay, & R.A. Rosenfeld, 2010, JRASC, 104/5: on the technique used to make the earliest depiction of Mare Orientale in 1675
• Deep sky observer Wolfgang Steinicke has come out with an excellent account of the making of the New General Catalogue and the role of astrosketching in its genesis. Many drawings are reproduced: Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ISBN-13: 978-0-521-19267-5
• Professor Omar W. Nasim has recently been working on the role of astronomical sketching in 19th-century DSO observations https://irebs.academia.edu/OmarWNasim. The results of his studies have just appeared in Observing by Hand: Sketching the Nebulae in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014)―based on a first-hand examination of the manuscript drawings of Sir John Herschel, William Earl of Rosse, William Lassell, Ebenezer Porter Mason, Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, and George Phillips Bond. According to the publisher "Nasim focuses on the ways in which these observers created and employed their drawings in data-driven procedures, from their choices of artistic materials and techniques to their practices and scientific observation"

Historical scientific-illustration tools and techniques applicable to astronomical drawing

• W. Stanley, 1878, A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments, 5th ed., E. and F. N. Spon, London
• W. Suffolk, 1870, Microscopical Manipulation, Henry Gillman, London

Historical examples of astronomical sketching

• Galileo's Sunspot drawings
• Galileo's lunar sketches. Interesting infromation on Galileo as an artist can be extracted from a judicious reading of Horst Bredekamp, Galileo der Künstler: die Mond-die Sonne-die Hand (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2007), and the collective volumes under Bredekamp's editorship: Galileo's O: Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius, ed. I. Brückle & O. Hahn, vol 1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011), and Paul Needham, Galileo's O: Galileo Makes a Book, vol. 2 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011). It has recently been shown (late June 2012) that the "New York" Sidereus Nuncius at the heart of these studies and associated books are the work of a highly sophisticated forgery operation in connection with the Girolamini book-theft ring, with the notorious Marino Massimo de Caro as a principal. Now see Nicholas Schmidle, A Very Rare Book, The New Yorker 89/41 (Dec. 16, 2013), 62. The team led by Bredekamp have accepted the findings of Nick Wilding that the book is a fake, and have released the results of their reanalysis of the fake, and its implications in Galileo's O: A Galileo Forgery―Unmasking the New York Sidereus Nuncius, ed. H. Bredekamp, I. Brückle, & P. Needham (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2014―the volume is available as an open access publication)
• W.C. Bond, G.P.Bond, and J. Winlock, Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, vol. 8, vols. 1-2 (Cambridge, MA: Wilson & Son, 1876)
• É.Trouvelot, The Trouvelot Astronomical Drawings (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1881-1882). Also see Rosenfeld, R.A. & Sheehan, W. 2011, How an Artist Brought the Heavens to Earth, Astronomy, 39/1, 52-57
• E.-M. Antoniadi, La planète mars (Paris: Libraire scientifique Hermann et Cie, 1930)
• Michael Benson, Cosmigraphics: Picturing Space Through Time, with a forward by Owen Gingerich (New York: Abrams, 2014. Some observational sketches keeping company with diverse graphic materials illustrating "the discovery of the universe through pictures". Benson demontrates the ongoing scientific importance of graphically respresenting data, both for comprehension, and discovery. Excellent reproductions

For a project which took its inspiration from E.E. Barnard's observations of the 1894 opposition of Mars, see: http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/public/TwoWeeksOnMars/

For a good collection of digitalized versions of astronomical drawings published during the golden age of the practice, see: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu  (n.b: the scans do not do justice to the originals)

Non-RASC Forums

• http://www.cloudynights.com/ubbthreads/postlist.php/Cat/0/Board/Sketching
• https://www.yahoo.com/

Software

• Les Cowley's excellent programme for determining the Sun's orientation, poles, equator, rotation direction, drift direction, and prominence position angles for any date, time and location
•  Peter Meadow's Stonyhurst disks for various heliographic latitudes of the centre of the solardisk and projected image diameters
  
  He has also written some very useful programmes for determining the solar coordinates of features on sketches.

Supplies

Most moderate sized towns in Canada have at least several art-supply stores, or office goods suppliers. The best place to buy supplies for astronomical sketching is at the art stores attached to colleges (or universities) of art and design. They usually have the largest selection, best prices, and most knowledgeable staff. If there are no art-supply retail outlets near where you live, you could try internet suppliers. The RASC cannot endorse any commercial supplier above another, put please try to buy Canadian.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Peter Abrahams, Jim Mosher, and Prof. Omar W. Nasim for advice and corrections.

this page is curated by R.A. Rosenfeld